Artificial Intelligence, A small article

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

INTRODUCTION

Intelligence is a great boon of creature by which they feels the real world situation and respond accordingly. This property makes the entire living organism smart to the environment and also it makes them suitable for living in this environment. Small creatures like protozoans and advanced creatures like human and animals have very complicated type of intelligence. The level of intelligence also determines the level of power of creatures. Also the existence of intelligence separates the living and nonliving things. I.e. if the thing has intelligence or life in them, then it is living thing otherwise it is a nonliving thing. By using their intelligence, human has ruled the world from several thousand years ago.

Today is the 21^st century and technology has reached almost its peak position. Now only the intelligence of human will not help to rule the world, but the intelligence of machine make them to rule the world. That’s because the country like America, China, Japan and Russia are ruling the world with not theirs intelligence but their machines and weapons intelligence. The intelligence of human or all creatures is called natural intelligence and the intelligence of artificial things like machine, weapons and other device is called artificial intelligence. The term artificial intelligence is the vast subject to describe but is the very interesting thing for technical students and persons.

The main concept of artificial intelligence is that it takes the environment condition as input, understands it and gives the meaningful output as necessary there. a little example is the air conditioner senses the temperature of environment and if there is hot it makes the surrounding cool and if it is cold, then it makes the surrounding hot automatically with its artificial intelligence.

COMPONENTS OF AI

Artificial intelligence to work completely needs some general components. First we have to understand that how it works concept.

Steps

·         It sense the environment condition

·         Change the physical non electrical quantity into electrical signals

·         Send it to the device

·         Device process it and send to the respective output device

·         Output device gives the required output

From the above sentences, it is clear that we need a device to sense the physical quantities like distance, temperature, velocity, pressure, force, light etc. the device is certainly called a sensor or a transducer. 

1.    Sensors or transducers

Sensors are the electrical device which sense the physical environmental condition and convert these non-electrical quantities to electrical quantities. They are also called transducer. They function like our sense organ like skin, nose, eye, ear and tongue. Our skin can sense touch, temperature etc. Our eye can view the objects around us. Our nose can smell the scent. Likewise sensor can sense these physical quantities,

Example of sensers

i)                   Light sensors

LDR

Ldr is a light sensor and it stands for light dependent resistor. So from its name it’s a Resistor but its value changes with the intensity of light. In day time its value decreases and in night time its value increases drastically.

Similarly photo diode is also a light sensors.

ii)                Temperature sensor

Temperature sensors are also called thermistor. Thermistor can be PTC(positive temperature coefficient ie temperature increases then resistance value increases) and NTC(negative temperature coefficient ie temperature increases then resistance decreases).

iii)              Smoke detector

Smoke detector detects the smoke and gas like methane, alcohol etc.

iv)              Microphone or sound detector

Microphone is a sound detector and sound sensor which is used in various electronics devices like mobile, computer, recorder, earphone and in public program in amplifier.

Similarly there are various types of other sensor available. But these are sufficient for understanding the meaning of artificial intelligence.

2.      Signal conditional conditioning and processing

The signal conditioning and processing unit includes the signal amplifier which amplifies low signal to high electrical signal, filter circuits which filter the unnecessary noise signal produced during sensing, signal processor that process the signal what it should do and feds it to the output driver circuit.

3.   Output driver device and output device

The output from the processor cannot directly drive a load like bulbs, fan, motor etc. so we need an additional driver circuit or device to drive such kind of load. Then the output device performs the operation according as the environmental condition.

Sensors sense the environmental conditions or physical quantities. The physical quantities or environmental condition are non-electrical quantities. So they should be converted into corresponding electrical quantities to process them. This is done by sensors. Ie sensors change the non-electrical quantities to electrical quantities. This is very important because the communication between real world and our electronics device is only possible by means of sensors. When the sensor senses the environmental conditions like light temperature, sound etc. then signal conditioning equipment amplifies the signal come from sensor. After amplifying, the signal is passed through filter circuit to eliminate the noise signals which are unnecessary. Then the signal is converted to digital signal if necessary and is fed to the processor. Then the processor decide what to do with that signal or what to do on that signal and makes the suitable output. But the processor cannot drive the load like bulb, fan, motor, tv, computer etc. so we need a driving circuit to drive such kind of load. A driving circuit may also be a transistor driver or sometimes it may be a relay(a type of electromagnetic switch) driver. After that we can use output device that are controlled by our environment by means of artificial intelligence.

SCOPE AND FIELD OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

è Electronics and communication engineering

è Electrical and electronics engineering

è Computer and IT  and software engineering

è Mechanical engineering

è Mechatronics engineering

è Robotic engineering

è Nano technology

è VLSI design engineering

è Control system engineering

è Industrial engineering

world most advanced humanoid robot named asimo(advanced step in innovation mobility) made by Research and Development of HONDA japan. It can speak to people, walk, listen, hear, climb stair, dance, perform many task intelligently, do most of the work that human can and can not do. Its also a peak of use of artificial intelligence.

EXAPMLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Here is a simple example of artificial intelligent device called AUTOMATIC NIGHT LAMP. This is also called automatic night lamp. This device glows the lamp when it is night and turns off the lamp when it is day time automatically. This circuit has a light sensor called LDR (light dependent resistor) as a sensing element.

Component required

1.      NPN transistor (2) named BC547

2.      Light dependent resistor (LDR)

3.      Light emitting diode(LED lamp)

4.      Battery(6v=1.5v*4)

5.      Wires

6.      Resistor (4700ohm, 2200ohm, 330ohm)

Circuit diagram

Here transistor is used as electronics switch. When the base of the transistor gets current then the current flows through the transistor otherwise the transistor will be off. The two transistor are connected in such a way that when the first transistor is on then the second transistor will be off and when the first transistor is off then the second transistor will be on..

So at day time the resistance value of the LDR will be low. So the current from battery also flows through the LDR since its resistance is low(current resistance is low). So it turns on the first transistor will be on and the second transistor will be off (since current flows from collector to base of the first transistor not to the base of the second transistor. The current flow paths are shown below with arrow.

Similarly at night time the resistance of the LDR will be so high. So current from battery cannot pass through the LDR and so the first transistor don’t get the base current and it will be off. So in first transistor current cannot flow from collector to emitter so it passes to the base of the second transistor making second transistor on . so the led will glow at night time.

In this way the automatic night lamp works.