lm324 quad comparator

LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902, LM2902V, NCV2902 Single Supply Quad Operational Amplifiers The LM324 series are low−cost, quad operational amplifiers with true differential inputs. They have several distinct advantages over standard operational amplifier types in single supply applications. The quad amplifier can operate at supply voltages as low as 3.0 V or as high as 32 V with quiescent currents about one−fifth of those associated with the MC1741 (on a per amplifier basis). The common mode input range includes the negative supply, thereby eliminating the necessity for external biasing components in many applications. The output voltage range also includes the negative power supply voltage. Features • Short Circuited Protected Outputs • True Differential Input Stage • Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V • Low Input Bias Currents: 100 nA Maximum (LM324A) • Four Amplifiers Per Package • Internally Compensated • Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply • Industry Standard Pinouts • ESD Clamps on the Inputs Increase Ruggedness without Affecting Device Operation • NCV Prefix for Automotive and Other Applications Requiring Unique Site and Control Change Requirements; AEC this IC can be used in various electronics circuits like voltage comparator, triangular wave generator(pwm), voltage monitor(low voltage check), line following robot etc.

Aakriti 2014 event organised by kathmandu engineering college kalimati

Aakriti2014 was the event recently organised by kathmandu engineering college kalimati kathmandu. the event was 3 days long and held successfully by the college of all department. Also there was a competition of various field of engineering. students and professionals of many fields were present there to show their project and prototype. cosmos college of management and technology was the only college who participated there from other university of the college in Hardware competition. The Team of students of second semester of electronics and communication engineering made a very smart project named smart representing home automation and security system under the supervision of cosmos electronics research team(CERT) and won the second prize there. the first prize was given for Robotic hand from the college of organiser. the participants from the cosmos college under the team CERT were 1. sunil thapa 2. samrat koirala 3. ganesh bhushal 4. ramita shah 5. srijana bohara

many many congratulation for the second prize winner of the event.

celebration of cosmic touchdown by European Space Agency

The European Space Agency celebrated a cosmic touchdown Wednesday by successfully landing a spacecraft on a comet for the first time in history. The agency said it has received a signal at 1603 GMT from the 100 kg Philae lander after it touched down on the icy surface of the comet named 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. While further checks are needed to ascertain the state of the lander, the fact that it is resting on the surface of the speeding comet is already a huge success. It marks the highlight of the decade-long Rosetta mission to study comets and learn more about the origins of these celestial bodies. The head of the European Space Agency underlined Europe’s pride in having achieved a unique first ahead of its US counterpart NASA. “We are the first to have done that, and that will stay forever,” said ESA director-general Jean-Jacques Dordain. The landing caps a 6.4 billion-kilometer journey begun a decade ago. Rosetta, which was launched in 2004, had to slingshot three times around Earth and once around Mars before it could work up enough speed to chase down the comet, which it reached in August. Rosetta and the comet have been traveling in tandem ever since at 66,000 kph. The comet was discovered in 1969.

XOR gate using tranistors

the circuit below is the transistor xor gate and the led will glow only A and B inputs are opposite to each other. this is very important circuit used in making adder circuit and other very important device. this circuit is successively simulated in proteus simulator and is tested successfully. please check it out to improve your practical knowledge in logic circuit.

monostable mode of NE555 chip

This is a basic and important circuit and working principle of popular ciruit NE555. this circuit can be operated with various sensors instead of switch. the circuit can be assembled as shown below and can be simulated using proteus simulator.

working of a circuit when the switch is closed then the lower led will glow and hold for some time until the charge of capacitor finished. after then the lower led will be off and the upper led will glow. again when we press the switch than the same process repeats. if you have any confusion, please ask me...................

bidirectional transistor motor driver for robotic project/ H bridge motor driver

this is the very useful motor driver circuit and its easy to make. this circuit is used in robotic project to move the robotic wheel front back right and left. this circuit is composed of two npn and two pnp transistors and some resistor. you need to have two switch to change the direction of the motor. here the transistors are acting on the its switching application. when both switches are off then motor donot move. when one of the switch is on then the npn of the one and the pnp of another side will be on so current flow through motor. so motor is on. when upper pnp is on on the left side, its lower npn is of and right side lower npn will be on but right side upper pnp will be off when switch is pressed at right side. note switch on means logic 0 and switch off means logic 1 if you are facing problems you can comment here. for the full description i ll upload the working video on youtube.com. check my channel sangit.niroula. this circuit is simulated in proteus simulator.

automatic street light using two transistor

automatic street is a very interesting circuit and using it we can make the light lamp on at night time and off at day time. this circuit is very simple to understand and make. components required -> two bc547 transistors --> resistors of value 2.2kohm and 330ohm both two --> light dependent resistors ->>>light emitting diode -->> 9v battery circuit diagram in night time, the value of light dependent resistor is very high and it makes the first transistor off so the second transistor will get base current and and it will be on so the led glows at this time. in day time, the resistance value of light dependent resistor is very low so it makes the first transistor on and the current flows through the first transistor therefore the second transistor will not get the base current so it will be off.. therefore at day time light will be off. still you have any confusion making this circuit on breadboard and matrix board, you can comment here/.......... thanks

astable multivibrator circuit using two transistors (led flasher)

INTRODUCTION Astable multivibrator circuit is a circuit whose output level is not stable. the output of the circuit is high and low alternately. the circuit below is very interesting and there are two leds which glows turn by turn. ie they blick turn by turn. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT the above circuit work based on two properties of the two components. 1. capacitor stores charges when DC is applied across it.when charging a capacitor, direct current flows through capacitor.when capacitor is charged two third, then current stops flowing. when its discharged upto one third then current again flows through it. 2. when current is supplied to the base region of the transistor, then current starts to flow from collector to emitter of the transistor because transistor is current controlled device. This condition of the transistor is called saturation. again when base current is not supplied to the transistor, then current doesnot flow through collector to emitter of the transistor which is called cut off .. lets look at the following diagram when capacitor 1 is charging note that led2 is glowing since transistor 1 gets base current when capacitor 1 is charging being transistor 1 on... when capacitor 2 is charging still if you have any confusion about making this circuit, you can comment here... thanks for your visit in this blog.

circuitsnepal: running light and decade counter

circuitsnepal: running light and decade counter

circuitsnepal: running light and decade counter

circuitsnepal: running light and decade counter

n-channel MOSFET(metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor)

general pin out

circuitsnepal: circuits today

circuitsnepal: circuits today

school and college science projects

here are some school and college science projects.If you curious and interested students are searching for the interesting projects to submit their science projects, then i can advise you. In kathmandu, you can order me to make projects that are really interesting. so if you are school and +2 science students and trying to make fascinating projects for submission, then you can contact me and i ll also guide you about that projects. please leave a comment if you are interested.my email is sangit.niroula@gmail.com.......... you can like my page on facebook https://www.facebook.com/circuitsnepal also for more info please regilarly visit the blog..

running light and decade counter

here is a very interesting circuit . this circuit uses a 555 timer chip and a decade counter CD4017.

here the timer ic 555 is configured as astable multivibrator. ie the output of the timer ic gives continuous pulse. about timer. the 555 timer ic is the very popular ic. in short it has two mood of working. one is called monostable mood and another is called the astable multivibrator mood. monostable gives the logic high output only once. but the astable multivibrator gives square wave or the high- low pulse several times. about decade counter the decade counter is an ic that count the input pulse and it gives output sequentially. when first input logic high is sent from the timer ic to the input of the counter, the first output led glows. when second logic high is sent to counter ic then first output put out and the second will glow. in this way the running light work. note: for timer 555 -> 8 pin is +ve suppply -> 1 pin - ve supply for 4017 -> 16 pin is +ve supply -> 8 pin is -ve supply. if you have any difficulties and question about this circuit, dont hesitate to post the comment